Foreign Words And Phrases Now Used In English. Over the centuries the English language has assimilated words and phrases from a variety of other languages. In context, those.

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The setting of your story is key to readers being able to imagine ‘being there’. How do you describe a place so it is characterful and contributes effectively to your story? Try these 6 tips:

1. Describe place through characters’ senses

We feel connected to place in a story when we see it through characters’ senses. Bring senses such as sight, hearing, touch, smell and even taste (there’s edible wallpaper in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory) into your setting. Using every sense might not make sense for your book, yet it’s possible. In Roald Dahl’s children’s classic, set in a sweet factory full of wonder, it somehow makes sense even the wallpaper is delicious.

When describing places in your story, think about tone and mood. Should this setting be intimidating or welcoming? Ancient, dusty and arcane or ultra-modern and spotless? What does an ancient, dusty mood smell like (old books? Damp carpets?).

Use the ‘Core Setting’ section of your story dashboard on Now Novel to brainstorm descriptive elements and create more detailed settings.

Example of effective sensory place description

In Margaret Atwood’s novel Cat’s Eye (1989), the protagonist Cordelia recalls her childhood in flashbacks. Here, Cordelia describes her childhood home, when her parents would throw bridge (the card game) parties:

Then the doorbell begins to ring and the people come in. The house fills with the alien scent of cigarettes, which will still be there in the morning along with a few uneaten candies and salted nuts, and with bursts of laughter that get louder as time passes. I lie in my bed listening to the bursts of laughter. I feel isolated, left out. Also I don’t understand why this activity, these noises and smells, is called “bridge.” It is not like a bridge. (pp. 168-169)

Atwood uses sound and smell to paint an idea of the strangeness of being a child in an adult’s world. She uses the young Cordelia’s senses to create place and this puts us in the scene, as we experience young Cordelia’s surrounds through her perspective.

2. Include time period in description

‘Time’ is an important aspect of setting. This is particularly so in historical fiction. Details from the types of buildings and shops that line the main road of a city to individual details of people’s clothing and speech contribute to a sense of when the story happens. A story set in 1950s Chicago will naturally have very different buildings, cars, and people, than one set in the late 2000s.

How do you describe a place so the reader can sense the time period?

• Show technology: What are the ordinary tools people have at their disposal? See, for example, the period-specific radio in the image below
• Show culture: How do people live? Are there rigid gender roles between the sexes? What do the majority believe? Convey these social patterns and habits in the way people speak and things they say
• Include current interests, challenges or obstacles: In the time period of your story, what are the hot topics of the day? Are people worried about a war, a new law, a change in government?

Example of time period in setting description

In Alice Munro’s semi-autobiographical collection of stories, The View from Castle Rock (2006), the Canadian author traces the history of her Scottish ancestors. Here, she recalls the simple ways of village life in the 1700s, describing the life of her ancestor William Laidlaw:

The first story told of Will is about his prowess as a runner. His earliest job in the Ettrick Valley was as a shepherd to a Mr. Anderson, and this Mr. Anderson had noted how Will ran straight down on a sheep and not roundabout when he wanted to catch it. So he knew that Will was a fast runner, and when a champion English runner came into the valley Mr. Anderson wagered Will against him for a large sum of money. (p. 9)

The details here convey a sense of rural life in 18th Century Scotland. Descriptions of herding sheep and rival runners create a sense of an agrarian, outdoor way of life conjuring earlier, less modern times.

Munro goes further creating period in her setting by describing the clothing Will receives in reward for winning the race against the English runner:

Mr. Anderson collected a fine heap of coins and Will for his part got a gray cloth coat and a pair of hose.

The reference to hose, which men don’t typically wear in modern times, further places the story in earlier times.

3. Include small-scale changes in time

In addition to creating the broader sense of time or period, you can use small-scale time (such as time of day or the way place changes week to week or month to month).

Think of how time of day and physical changes to a place in time can both contribute tone and mood.

For example, if a city is bombed over a week’s period in a story, what does it look like at the start versus at the end? As an exercise, describe a sleek, modern city in a few sentences. Then describe the same elements of the city after a week of civil warfare. What has changed and what mood do these changes create?

Including time of day can create moods such as:

• Fear: Nighttime may bring vulnerabilities such as reduced visibility and general fear
• Langour and laziness: The golden light of a late afternoon outdoor social gathering, for example</li.
• Excitement: For example, the breaking light of an important and exciting day such as a wedding or holiday

Weaving in details of time of day as well as the way places change over a day, week, month or year will create a sense of your setting being a dynamic, active and real place.

Example of effective use of small-scale time in writing setting

In his historical novel Oscar and Lucinda (1988), the Australian author Peter Carey describes a stormy nighttime scene where the lights in Oscar’s family’s home go out:

There was no torch available for my father because I had dropped it down the dunny [toilet] the night before. I had seen it sink, its beam still shining through the murky fascinating sea of urine and faeces… So when the lights went off in the storm the following night, he had no torch to examine the fuse-box. (p. 3)

Carey weaves a succession of nightly events together to show the frustrations of Oscar’s father. This use of time, coupled with the stormy setting, creates tension. When the father asks Oscar’s mother where the fuse-wire is, she says ‘I used it…to make the Advent wreath’ [for the church].

Oscar’s father’s response is to blaspheme. The mother, being devout, makes them all kneel to ask God’s forgiveness.

Carey ends the scene showing a change in the setting and how the mother interprets it:

We stayed there kneeling on the hard lino floor. My brother was crying softly.
Then the lights came on.
I looked up and saw the hard bright triumph in my mother’s eyes. She would die believing God had fixed the fuse. (p. 5)

Carey masterfully uses a tense nighttime setting and situation (lights going out in a storm) to show different family members’ personalities. The mother’s response is to turn to her faith, the father’s to think of practical matters like finding fuse-wires to fix the lights.

The stormy nighttime setting provides a dramatic backdrop to the action, giving both the cause for the situation and the mood of the scene.

4. Show how characters feel about your setting

Story settings affect and alter characters’ moods and states of mind, just as places affect our own. Learning how to describe a place thus means, in part, learning how to describe places so that they reveal characters’ desires, interests, fears and more.

Bring your character’s personalities, passions and histories to bear on the setting details they notice and describe.

We often return to this example because it’s an effective description of setting and the feelings it evokes:

124 was spiteful. Full of a baby’s venom. The women in the house knew it and so did the children. For years each put up with the spite in his own way, but by 1873 Sethe and her daughter Denver were its only victims. (p. 3)

This is the opening to Toni Morrison’s Beloved (1987), describing the haunted quality of her protagonist Sethe’s family home. Morrison immediately creates a sense of feeling in her setting description. Describing her characters as ‘victims’ of the house makes it clear it is a place of trauma and suffering.

Morrison continues to convey the character of place brilliantly:

The grandmother, Baby Suggs, was dead, and the sons, Howard and Buglar, had run away by the time they were thirteen years old – as soon as merely looking in a mirror shattered it (that was the signal for Buglar); as soon as two tiny hand prints appeared in the cake (that was it for Howard). (p. 3)

Morrison lists interesting, mysterious details about the haunted air of 124, and the different details of place that are the final straws for individual members of Sethe’s family.

Overall, the effect of her place description is to create a sense of hostility and ‘unhomeliness’. We have a clear sense of the emotions place produces or reawakens.

5. Keep setting description relevant to the story

Often writers starting out try to describe every little detail in painstaking detail. Others describe everything in broad generalizations. Each have pros and drawbacks. The advantages of detailed place description are:

• Vivid visuals: We see more of the setting in our mind’s eye
• Authenticity: Details often create a sense of reality. For example, if the rooms of a house have different light, objects, curiosities

The cons of detailed description are that it can slow narrative pace and clutter your prose.

Being too broad and abstract has its own cons, however. If you describe a high street, for example, and say ‘The shops all have lavish window displays’, we don’t see any difference between them.

It’s often best to balance a little relevant detail here and there with broad description elsewhere to give both the specific qualities and the general feeling of a place.

What is relevant setting description?

It’s description that is:

• Relevant to impending events: E.g. Including an object that will be used in a scene, such as a murder weapon
• Revealing about place or character: For example, if a character’s bedroom is messy it tells us something about their personality (that they’re lazy, perhaps, or merely busy or chaotic)
• Worth mentioning: Beginning writers often include unnecessary descriptions such as ‘she walked across the lounge and headed to her bedroom’. It’s more concise to simply say, ‘She went to her bedroom’

Example of relevant setting description

In his novel Love in the Time of Cholera (1985), Gabriel Garcia Marquez describes Dr. Juvenal Urbino as one of the most respected men in the Carribean town where the story takes place.

Here is description of the doctor’s arrival at a party in the middle of a storm:

In the chaos of the storm Dr. Juvenal Urbino, along with the other late guests whom he had met on the road, had great difficulty reaching the house, and like them he wanted to move from the carriage to the house by jumping from stone to stone across the muddy patio, but at last he had to accept the humiliation of being carried by Don Sancho’s men under a yellow canvas canopy. (p. 34)

This is a simple, effective example of relevant setting description because:

• Marquez uses how a character interacts with his challenge-ridden setting (the mud and the wet) to reveal character. Because the doctor is so respected he is carried, but he is also ‘humiliated’ by this, showing his proud nature
• The setting description focuses on the key transition that sets up the next scenes – people’s arrival for a luncheon to commemorate the silver anniversary of Urbino’s colleague’s graduation

6. Make a list of adjectives to describe your story locations

Learning how to describe a place means also broadening your vocabulary with words that capture setting. There are so many adjectives to describe an ‘old’ building, for example. Each of the following terms describe age, yet with different shades of meaning:

• Ancient: Belonging to the very distant past (OED)
• Anachronistic: Belonging or appropriate to an earlier period, especially so as to seem conspicuously old-fashioned (OED)
• Prehistoric: (Informal) Very old or out of date (OED)
• Archaic: Very old or old-fashioned (OED)
• Venerable: Accorded a great deal of respect, especially because of age, wisdom, or character (OED)

Even if you don’t use every word you find, this exercise will help you pinpoint the mood of a place. Think about elements such as a place’s:

• Age
• Mood
• Atmosphere
• Size
• Appeal

Find adjectives that convey these qualities in a way that make place more specific. ‘Venerable’, for example, suggests respect that comes with age as described above. ‘Decrepit’, by contrast, suggests falling apart and ugly with age.

Brainstorm the broad setting of your story using the ‘Core Setting’ prompts in Now Novel’s comprehensive story outlining tool now.

I am someone who breaks up with states more often than Taylor Swift used to break up her famous boyfriends, but every so often, your life will force you to take a look at your surroundings and just know that you are 600% done with where you are and what you're doing there. Sometimes it is as simple as changing your point of view, or maybe moving to a new apartment in the city you already live in. Different points in your life will necessitate change to come in different ways, to varying degrees—a radical upheaval of your entire existence isn't always necessary But just as often, it might be your gut telling you that you need to get yourself straight out of the state (or time zone or country or...) you are living in. Even if there's nothing wrong on the surface of your life where you currently are, you know yourself well enough to know when you are in the right place, and when it might be time to consider a major change.

Having lived in—*takes deep breath*—Tennessee, Washington, California, Virginia, and New York, I have, if nothing else, seen a large spectrum of how people, attitudes, and circumstances shift from state-to-state. Change is not as far out of reach as it can sometimes feel. If you are feeling out of place right now, there is undoubtedly somewhere you could be living where you wouldn't feel that way anymore. So how do you know if that feeling in the pit of your stomach is telling you to pack up and bail out? Luckily, there are a lot of signs:

You get major FOMO living where you live now

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This is the very same circumstance that helped Taylor Swift lure Selena Gomez to New York: If all the cool things are happening somewhere else, quit moping around and being jealous—just go.

You went on a trip and were sad to leave

Someday in your life, you will have an experience where you visit a city and love it so much that it will feel weird going home. It's different (although confusingly, annoying related) from the feeling of just having loved a vacation and being bummed to return to real life. If it feels weirdly like you're leaving home, rather than heading back to it, listen to that feeling. If somewhere else seems more attractive than the nice warm bed and Netflix subscription waiting for you at home, that's nothing to ignore.

There are too many bad memories attached to where you live

Sometimes moving to another state isn't a matter of something pulling you toward the new place, but pushing you away from the old place. Maybe it was a particularly rough break-up, or a series of terrible job experiences, or a death. I'm not advocating adopting a habit of running from your problems, but if bad memories are genuinely affecting your ability to feel happy and healthy and functional where you live, moving to another state might be what you need to get that bad taste out of your mouth once and for all.

You are constantly asking your friends who moved away what it’s like

Even before you consciously understand it might be time for you to move, your unconscious self is starting to consider it by harassing all your long-distance friends, particularly the ones who live somewhere you might want to live.

You are hesitant to make long-term commitments where you live now

You've stopped looking at new jobs on LinkedIn. You never open the e-mail blasts telling you what's going on in your neighborhood. You've even stopped swiping right. If you find yourself oddly reluctant to plant your roots any deeper than you already have, it might be because you are looking to make a getaway, even if you haven't come to terms with it yet.

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You have talked about moving before

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Nobody likes the person who cried 'move.' I know this because I am that person. Half the time when I say I'm moving, I put it off a kazillion months and then lurk off randomly because I'm embarrassed it took so long. It's...awkward. The important takeaway here is this: If you're talking about moving, it's going to happen. You might think it's a matter of 'if,' but at the point when you talk about it all the time, it's really a matter of 'when.'

You have major road rage where you live now

OK, I know—you can get road rage anywhere, anytime. But one of the number one symptoms of not being able to even with a place is getting disproportionately worked up on your drive. Sure, traffic sucks no matter what, and it's not like you're going to LOVE gridlock somewhere else, but let's have an honest moment right now: All that yelling and fist-shaking? Is it REALLY about the traffic jam, or are you just kinda done with this whole city right now?

Your career goals would be better served elsewhere

No matter what industry you're working in, there is likely at least one city that is the figurative Mecca of that field. For my sister and her fellow tech nerds, it's Seattle and San Francisco; for my actor friends it's Los Angeles; for me, it happens to be New York. You don't necessarily have to move to reach peak success in your career, but it certainly helps, and it'll be a relief to live near people who actually know what you're talking about for once.

You want to be closer to your family

It doesn't matter how old you are or how long it's been—if you feel like you want to move and be closer to the humans you love, there's no shame in that.

Or, alternatively, you want to move further away from your family

Not everybody gets merrily along with the 'rents and sibs. If you've got the guts to strike it out on your own, more power to you. Even if you do get along with your family, sometimes it's nice to get a break and get a sense for who you are on your own.

You don’t agree with the typical points of view of your state

This is a biggie: some areas, for instance, are such a mix of progressive and traditionally-minded people that you really never know which you're talking to until you've accidentally offended someone. My experience in Nashville was very much this way. There is a huge divide in the city on important social issues, and sometimes the intolerant half is louder than the tolerant one. And although I'm all for sticking around and fighting the good fight where it most needs fighting, it can be too upsetting to live in a place where people have drastically different views than you, or where you're surrounded by mindsets and moral codes that feel unshakably problematic to you. Just because someone is entitled to their opinion doesn't mean you have to stick around and hear it.

You are too cold/too hot/generally can’t take the weather anymore

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I am the whiniest person ever when it comes to the weather, so I'm the last one to judge people for moving somewhere where the sun shines or somewhere it doesn't. The weather can have major effects on your health and psychological well-being. It may seem drastic to move because you're chilly every now and then, but once you consider how it will weigh on you over time and it doesn't seem so crazy anymore.

You just need a change

Human beings are actually alive for a really freaking long time, compared to other animals. And who wants to spend it all experiencing the same things in the same town over and over until they're dead? There are so many things to experience and eat and talk about that are beyond where you're living now, and if you want to be a part of it, there's no better time to go than right now.

Image: hollylay/Flickr, Giphy (7)